Children are not permitted to leave the country without a passport, and both parents must sign for one. I have child's passport in safe deposit box. My wife, who I helped immigrate from Poland to California has said a few times she would like to return to Poland, but I want child to stay in California. If child goes to Poland, even just to visit, I have no real way to bring her back. A fight in Polish court would be close to hopeless for me, an American father. It seems custody would be shared if divorce happens in California, but in this case if passport is available to wife she could theorietically still take the child, even if illegally, and once the child is in Poland Polish courts have full jurisdiction. So, what would likely happen if I don't give the passport to the mother? Can a court force me to give up or replace a "lost" or unavailable passport?