Long story short, they filed a small claims action...I believe they did so to preclude us from being able to seek judgment in civil court.
You can defend the existing case in small claims court.
Your defense in small claims has nothing to do with a suit you file later in a higher court, or one an attorney files on your behalf for medical malpractice.
Your belief in the damages done to your spouse has nothing to do with the issue of payments you allegedly owe today.
However, the fact that he returned to be treated for his alleged injuries to the place that allegedly injured him might harm your future ability to sustain your claim.
That has nothing to do with the debt which the facility believes you owe from the return visit.
Depending on how much the facility believes you owe, it could be better to pay the debt to avoid the current small claims case which could harm your FICO scores.
You can always get the amount in dispute ack if you recover substantial damages because of medical malpractice.
Your husband needs to be more aggressive with his search for a lawyer regarding the damages he sustained because of the facilities actions subsequent to the surgery.
A lawyer is out there, he just has to find her/him.